The Atmosphere and Weather Conditions

Explain why Earth's atmosphere changes with latitude and with the seasons.
The earth is formed in significant climates, and it's process with the changing seasons is related to the atmospheric conditions that power it. The Earth is shaped in a rough sphere, and it tilts slightly on it's axis. This tilt produces several variations in the exposure of the surface to the sun's energy. The average direction for the sun's rays to hit the Earth is vertical, and it's usually near the equator, so this is why the energy from the sun produces higher temperatures near the equator. The sun's rays hit more obliquely at higher latitudes, so their energy is spread over larger surfaces areas.

The seasons are determined by the Earth's position on it's axis, which is 23.5 degrees from a line drawn perpendicular to the orbital plane, and separates the Earth equally into several hemispheres. From March 21 to September 22, the northern hemisphere tilts towards the sun, making it a hotter temperature and brighter weather on that hemisphere and making the Summer season happen. From September 22 to March 21, the northern hemisphere tilts away from the sun, so the Winter season occurs and the opposite happens to the climate and temperature. The reason why we get four different seasons is because the Earth takes a while to tilt fully, resulting in Spring and Fall being the two seasons where the northern hemisphere is halfway on the sun and away from it.

What are the two lower layers of the atmosphere? Cite two differences between them.
The troposphere and the stratosphere are the two lowest layers of the atmosphere.

The first difference between the two lower layers is that temperature of the troposphere decreases with increasing altitude by --6oC for every kilometer, and in the stratosphere, the temperature is mostly consistent, usually -45oC to -75oC in the lower regions, with an increase in temperature with increasing altitude.
There is also a lot of turbulent wind and harsh weather conditions in the troposphere, and it is where most storm clouds and wind tornadoes form. On the other hand, there is no such weather conditions in the stratosphere, where there is only a steady wind; it is so calm that commercial airplanes choose this layer to fly in most of the time.

Describe the general directions of atmospheric circulation.
Atmospheric circulation is driven by differences in temperature, which is caused by variations in the amount of solar energy reaching different locations on Earth.
The warm surface near the equator hearts the air in contact with it, so the air rises and expands. This process is known as convection. Warm air rises to the outer layers of the atmosphere, it cools and then sinks again, resulting in a re-circulation process which goes to almost the same areas it came from, except for the remainder of the heated air which splits and flows over the surface in two different directions. Similar upward movements of warm air flow towards the poles occur at higher latitudes, which takes it farther from the equator until it sinks and flows back to the lower latitudes.

There are also winds, complex horizontal movements that becomes different from both the atmospheric pressure and from Earth's rotation. The nature of this wind is difficult to predict, and tends to blow from areas of high atmospheric pressure to areas of low pressure. The greater the difference between the high and low pressure areas, the stronger the wind is. Earth rotates from west to east, and it's rotation affects the direction of wind, therefore the moving air will swerve to the right of the direction in which it travels in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left of the direction in which it is traveling in the Southern Hemisphere, creating a common tendency known as the Coriolis Effect. Air moving eastward or westward at the equator is not deflected from it's original path, and stays on a straight line from east to west.